How would one calculate binary statistics in perl?

I am essentially seeking to do what a typical/good hex editor can do:

https://www.hhdsoftware.com/doc/hex-editor/statistics-statistics-tool-window.html

I wish to be able to count the occurrence of each byte and put it into a table so I can determine the % of say '00' compared to 'FF'.

I have managed to get entropy, and the other statistics such as mean, median and mode are kind of redundant once I have the above complete.

There is also an issue that the binary files I am compiling statistics on are quite large, 32mb+.

Any suggestions?

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

add a comment |

I am essentially seeking to do what a typical/good hex editor can do:

https://www.hhdsoftware.com/doc/hex-editor/statistics-statistics-tool-window.html

I wish to be able to count the occurrence of each byte and put it into a table so I can determine the % of say '00' compared to 'FF'.

I have managed to get entropy, and the other statistics such as mean, median and mode are kind of redundant once I have the above complete.

There is also an issue that the binary files I am compiling statistics on are quite large, 32mb+.

Any suggestions?

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

add a comment |

I am essentially seeking to do what a typical/good hex editor can do:

https://www.hhdsoftware.com/doc/hex-editor/statistics-statistics-tool-window.html

I wish to be able to count the occurrence of each byte and put it into a table so I can determine the % of say '00' compared to 'FF'.

I have managed to get entropy, and the other statistics such as mean, median and mode are kind of redundant once I have the above complete.

There is also an issue that the binary files I am compiling statistics on are quite large, 32mb+.

Any suggestions?

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

I am essentially seeking to do what a typical/good hex editor can do:

https://www.hhdsoftware.com/doc/hex-editor/statistics-statistics-tool-window.html

I wish to be able to count the occurrence of each byte and put it into a table so I can determine the % of say '00' compared to 'FF'.

I have managed to get entropy, and the other statistics such as mean, median and mode are kind of redundant once I have the above complete.

There is also an issue that the binary files I am compiling statistics on are quite large, 32mb+.

Any suggestions?

perl binary statistics counting

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

asked Nov 4 at 5:03

BwE

187

add a comment |

2 Answers
2

active

oldest

votes

Heres another way to do it:

use strict;

use warnings;

use Time::HiRes qw( time );



$/ = 1;



open my $file, '<', shift;

binmode $file;



my %seen;



my $start = time();

my $n;



while (<$file>) {

    $seen{$_} ++;

    $n++;

}

my $end = time();



for ( sort keys %seen ) {

    printf( "%s%s%.2f%sn", uc( unpack( 'H*', $_ ) ), " seen $seen{$_} times - ", $seen{$_} / $n * 100, "%" );

}



printf( "took %.3f seconds!n", $end - $start );

output:

...

...

F8 seen 46475 times - 0.28%

F9 seen 46611 times - 0.28%

FA seen 46703 times - 0.28%

FB seen 48902 times - 0.29%

FC seen 46829 times - 0.28%

FD seen 47707 times - 0.28%

FE seen 47276 times - 0.28%

FF seen 1752333 times - 10.44%

took 2.374 seconds!

This is (WSL in windows) perl 5.22.1 built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi
(with 69 registered patches)

Same thing in C - https://github.com/james28909/count/blob/master/count.c

EDIT:

Actually here is another, BETTER, example given by BrowserUK at perlmonks - https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159266 - It seems to run faster than both examples/answers given.

use strict;

use Time::HiRes qw[ time ];



my $start = time;



open I, '<:raw', $ARGV[ 0 ];



my @seen;



while( read( I, my $buf, 16384  ) ) {

    ++$seen[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}

printf "Took %f secsn", time() - $start;

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

1

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

add a comment |

use List::Util qw( sum );



use constant BLOCK_SIZE => 4*1024*1024;



open(my $fh, '<:raw', $qfn)

   or die("Can't open "$qfn": $!n");



my @counts = (0) x 256;

while (1) {

   my $rv = sysread($fh, my $buf, BLOCK_SIZE);

   die($!) if !defined($rv);

   last if !$rv;



   ++$counts[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}



my $N = sum @counts;

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

add a comment |

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2 Answers
2

active

oldest

votes

2 Answers
2

active

oldest

votes

Heres another way to do it:

use strict;

use warnings;

use Time::HiRes qw( time );



$/ = 1;



open my $file, '<', shift;

binmode $file;



my %seen;



my $start = time();

my $n;



while (<$file>) {

    $seen{$_} ++;

    $n++;

}

my $end = time();



for ( sort keys %seen ) {

    printf( "%s%s%.2f%sn", uc( unpack( 'H*', $_ ) ), " seen $seen{$_} times - ", $seen{$_} / $n * 100, "%" );

}



printf( "took %.3f seconds!n", $end - $start );

output:

...

...

F8 seen 46475 times - 0.28%

F9 seen 46611 times - 0.28%

FA seen 46703 times - 0.28%

FB seen 48902 times - 0.29%

FC seen 46829 times - 0.28%

FD seen 47707 times - 0.28%

FE seen 47276 times - 0.28%

FF seen 1752333 times - 10.44%

took 2.374 seconds!

This is (WSL in windows) perl 5.22.1 built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi
(with 69 registered patches)

Same thing in C - https://github.com/james28909/count/blob/master/count.c

EDIT:

Actually here is another, BETTER, example given by BrowserUK at perlmonks - https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159266 - It seems to run faster than both examples/answers given.

use strict;

use Time::HiRes qw[ time ];



my $start = time;



open I, '<:raw', $ARGV[ 0 ];



my @seen;



while( read( I, my $buf, 16384  ) ) {

    ++$seen[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}

printf "Took %f secsn", time() - $start;

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

1

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

add a comment |

Heres another way to do it:

use strict;

use warnings;

use Time::HiRes qw( time );



$/ = 1;



open my $file, '<', shift;

binmode $file;



my %seen;



my $start = time();

my $n;



while (<$file>) {

    $seen{$_} ++;

    $n++;

}

my $end = time();



for ( sort keys %seen ) {

    printf( "%s%s%.2f%sn", uc( unpack( 'H*', $_ ) ), " seen $seen{$_} times - ", $seen{$_} / $n * 100, "%" );

}



printf( "took %.3f seconds!n", $end - $start );

output:

...

...

F8 seen 46475 times - 0.28%

F9 seen 46611 times - 0.28%

FA seen 46703 times - 0.28%

FB seen 48902 times - 0.29%

FC seen 46829 times - 0.28%

FD seen 47707 times - 0.28%

FE seen 47276 times - 0.28%

FF seen 1752333 times - 10.44%

took 2.374 seconds!

This is (WSL in windows) perl 5.22.1 built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi
(with 69 registered patches)

Same thing in C - https://github.com/james28909/count/blob/master/count.c

EDIT:

Actually here is another, BETTER, example given by BrowserUK at perlmonks - https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159266 - It seems to run faster than both examples/answers given.

use strict;

use Time::HiRes qw[ time ];



my $start = time;



open I, '<:raw', $ARGV[ 0 ];



my @seen;



while( read( I, my $buf, 16384  ) ) {

    ++$seen[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}

printf "Took %f secsn", time() - $start;

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

1

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

add a comment |

Heres another way to do it:

use strict;

use warnings;

use Time::HiRes qw( time );



$/ = 1;



open my $file, '<', shift;

binmode $file;



my %seen;



my $start = time();

my $n;



while (<$file>) {

    $seen{$_} ++;

    $n++;

}

my $end = time();



for ( sort keys %seen ) {

    printf( "%s%s%.2f%sn", uc( unpack( 'H*', $_ ) ), " seen $seen{$_} times - ", $seen{$_} / $n * 100, "%" );

}



printf( "took %.3f seconds!n", $end - $start );

output:

...

...

F8 seen 46475 times - 0.28%

F9 seen 46611 times - 0.28%

FA seen 46703 times - 0.28%

FB seen 48902 times - 0.29%

FC seen 46829 times - 0.28%

FD seen 47707 times - 0.28%

FE seen 47276 times - 0.28%

FF seen 1752333 times - 10.44%

took 2.374 seconds!

This is (WSL in windows) perl 5.22.1 built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi
(with 69 registered patches)

Same thing in C - https://github.com/james28909/count/blob/master/count.c

EDIT:

Actually here is another, BETTER, example given by BrowserUK at perlmonks - https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159266 - It seems to run faster than both examples/answers given.

use strict;

use Time::HiRes qw[ time ];



my $start = time;



open I, '<:raw', $ARGV[ 0 ];



my @seen;



while( read( I, my $buf, 16384  ) ) {

    ++$seen[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}

printf "Took %f secsn", time() - $start;

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

Heres another way to do it:

use strict;

use warnings;

use Time::HiRes qw( time );



$/ = 1;



open my $file, '<', shift;

binmode $file;



my %seen;



my $start = time();

my $n;



while (<$file>) {

    $seen{$_} ++;

    $n++;

}

my $end = time();



for ( sort keys %seen ) {

    printf( "%s%s%.2f%sn", uc( unpack( 'H*', $_ ) ), " seen $seen{$_} times - ", $seen{$_} / $n * 100, "%" );

}



printf( "took %.3f seconds!n", $end - $start );

output:

...

...

F8 seen 46475 times - 0.28%

F9 seen 46611 times - 0.28%

FA seen 46703 times - 0.28%

FB seen 48902 times - 0.29%

FC seen 46829 times - 0.28%

FD seen 47707 times - 0.28%

FE seen 47276 times - 0.28%

FF seen 1752333 times - 10.44%

took 2.374 seconds!

This is (WSL in windows) perl 5.22.1 built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi
(with 69 registered patches)

Same thing in C - https://github.com/james28909/count/blob/master/count.c

EDIT:

Actually here is another, BETTER, example given by BrowserUK at perlmonks - https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159266 - It seems to run faster than both examples/answers given.

use strict;

use Time::HiRes qw[ time ];



my $start = time;



open I, '<:raw', $ARGV[ 0 ];



my @seen;



while( read( I, my $buf, 16384  ) ) {

    ++$seen[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}

printf "Took %f secsn", time() - $start;

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

edited Nov 21 at 3:05

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

answered Nov 9 at 8:39

james28909

1591315

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

1

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

add a comment |

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

1

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

Ow, reading one byte at a time? At least the system reads 8 KiB at a time. My solution has it read much larger blocks for better speed.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

$n++ is also very wasteful. Much better just to sum the hash values after the loop.
– ikegami
Nov 20 at 1:21

It honestly wasnt meant to be a drop in solution. its just another way to do it. the $n was just a way to help calculate percentages of each byte seen. you are right... filesize could easily be obtained other ways. i know what to do to change it, but in all honesty it was not meant to be a direct code replacement, just an example of another way to count bytes. thanks
– james28909
Nov 21 at 0:50

original post edited. added an example from perlmonks, that i asked along time ago. just cross referencing.
– james28909
Nov 21 at 3:06

The bottom snippet is better, but still has two issues. 1) read 16384 is silly, since read reads in 4 KiB or 8KiB chunks depending on your version of Perl. Best to use sysread to perform a single call to the OS. sysread also has less overhead. 2) If a value doesn't occur in the file you get an undefined count instead of zero. So it's best to initialize the counts to zero first. /// After you make these two fixes, you get my answer.
– ikegami
Nov 21 at 3:39

add a comment |

use List::Util qw( sum );



use constant BLOCK_SIZE => 4*1024*1024;



open(my $fh, '<:raw', $qfn)

   or die("Can't open "$qfn": $!n");



my @counts = (0) x 256;

while (1) {

   my $rv = sysread($fh, my $buf, BLOCK_SIZE);

   die($!) if !defined($rv);

   last if !$rv;



   ++$counts[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}



my $N = sum @counts;

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

add a comment |

use List::Util qw( sum );



use constant BLOCK_SIZE => 4*1024*1024;



open(my $fh, '<:raw', $qfn)

   or die("Can't open "$qfn": $!n");



my @counts = (0) x 256;

while (1) {

   my $rv = sysread($fh, my $buf, BLOCK_SIZE);

   die($!) if !defined($rv);

   last if !$rv;



   ++$counts[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}



my $N = sum @counts;

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

add a comment |

use List::Util qw( sum );



use constant BLOCK_SIZE => 4*1024*1024;



open(my $fh, '<:raw', $qfn)

   or die("Can't open "$qfn": $!n");



my @counts = (0) x 256;

while (1) {

   my $rv = sysread($fh, my $buf, BLOCK_SIZE);

   die($!) if !defined($rv);

   last if !$rv;



   ++$counts[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}



my $N = sum @counts;

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

use List::Util qw( sum );



use constant BLOCK_SIZE => 4*1024*1024;



open(my $fh, '<:raw', $qfn)

   or die("Can't open "$qfn": $!n");



my @counts = (0) x 256;

while (1) {

   my $rv = sysread($fh, my $buf, BLOCK_SIZE);

   die($!) if !defined($rv);

   last if !$rv;



   ++$counts[$_] for unpack 'C*', $buf;

}



my $N = sum @counts;

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

edited Nov 4 at 5:23

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

answered Nov 4 at 5:17

ikegami

261k11176396

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

add a comment |

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

I am kinda confused, I can only seem to get the total bytes?
– BwE
Nov 4 at 5:43

While that's what $N contains, @counts contains the information you requested. $counts[0x00] contains the count of 00 bytes, $counts[0x01] contains the count of 01 bytes, ..., and $counts[0xFF] contains the count of FF bytes.
– ikegami
Nov 4 at 5:58

Ahhhhh sorry! Yes! I rushed ahead a bit. Works like a charm! Takes about 7 seconds to calculate. You're a life saver!
– BwE
Nov 4 at 6:01

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